Water-Energy-Food nexus status in Brazil
Abstract
This article investigates the relationship between the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus in Brazil in an exploratory and statistical study over the period from 2000 to 2013. For that purpose, the explanatory variables considered were the following: Access to improved water; Access to electricity and Average protein supply. Furthermore, it was introduced some brief facts about WEF nexus security in Brazil. With such explanatory variables, it was performed descriptive statistics, ensuring the assumption of data normality approach, and consequently calculating the descriptive statistics and correlation. The results of correlation showed that the quantitative relation between the three factors was extremely strong. These data allowed to understand the relation between these indicators and its status as a nexus in Brazil. Therefore, it is concluded that pursuing an active policy to manage demand in WEF nexus could lead sustainability processes.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Brauw, A., Gilligan, D. O., Hoddinot, J., Roy, S. (2014). The impact of Bolsa Família on women’s decision-making power. World and Development, 59, pp. 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.003
Al-Ansari, T., Korre, A., Nie, Z., Shah, N. (2015). Development of a life cycle assessment tool for the assessment of food production systems within the energy, water and food nexus. Sustainable production and consumption, 2, 52–66.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2015.07.005
Brauw, A., Gilligan, D. O., Hoddinot, J., Roy, S. (2014). The impact of Bolsa Família on women’s decision-making power. World and Development, 59, pp. 487–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.02.003
Al-Ansari, T., Korre, A., Nie, Z., Shah, N. (2015). Development of a life cycle assessment tool for the assessment of food production systems within the energy, water and food nexus. Sustainable production and consumption, 2, 52–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2015.07.005
Orlowsky, B., Hoekstra, A. Y., Gudmundsson, L. (2014). Today's virtual water consumption and trade under future water scarcity. Environmental Research Letters, 9 (1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/7/074007
Brazil, Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency. (2016). Electricity Rates. http://www.aneel.gov.br/relatorios-de-consumo-e-receita. (Accessed on December 3rd, 2017).
CONAMA- Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. (2017). Resolution 274/2000. https://www.mma.gov.br/port/conama/res/res00/res27400.html. (Accessed on December, 8th 2017).
Deutz, N. E., Bauer, J. M., Barazzoni, R., Biolo, G., Boirie, Y., Bosy-Westphal, A., Cederholm, T., Cruz-Jentoft, A., Krznaric, Z., Nair, K.S., Singer, P., Teta, D., Tipton, K., Calder, P. C. (2014). Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with aging: recommendations from the ESPEN Expert Group. Clinical Nutritional; 33(6): 929-936. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/2Fj.clnu.2014.04.007
Drastig, K.; Palhares, J. C. P., Karbach, K., Prochnow, A. (2016). Farm water productivity in broiler production: case studies in Brazil. Journal of Cleaner Production, 135, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.06.052
FAOSTAT. (2017). Country indicators: Brazil. https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#country/21. Accessed on November, 10th 2017
Flammini, A., Puri, M., Pluschke, L., Dubois, O. (2014). Walking the nexus talk: Assessing the water-energy-food Nexus: in the context of the Sustainable Energy for all initiative. Climate, Energy and Tenure Division. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Govindan, K., Khodaverdi, R., Jafarian, A. (2013). A fuzzy multi-criteria approach for measuring sustainability performance of a supplier based on triple bottom line approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 47, 345 - 354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2012.04.014
Hoff, H. (2011). Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the Bonn 2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.
IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estátistica, 2014. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio: Segurança Alimentar-2013. Instituto Brasileiro de Estatística e Geografia. Rio de Janeiro, Coordenação de Trabalho e Rendimento. V. 1: p.139. Rio de Janeiro. At: https://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/seguranca_alimentar_2013/default.shtm; (Accessed on 22 November 2017).
Kleine, D., Brightwell, M. G. (2015). Repoliticising and scaling-up ethical consumption: Lessons from public procurement for school meals in Brazil. Geoforum, v. 67, 135-147. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.08.016
Lemos, M. C., Lo, Y. J., Nelson, D. R., Eakin, H., Bedran-Martins, A. M. (2016). The relative relationship between generic and specific capacities in reducing drought vulnerability in households in NE, Brazil. Global Environmental Change, 39, pp. 170–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2016.05.001
Tolmasquim, M. T. (2011). Novo Modelo Do Setor Elétrico Brasileiro. Synergia: Empresa de Pesquisa Energética, Rio de Janeiro-RJ.
MME - Ministério de Minas e Energia. (2014). Programa de Eletrificação Rural já levou energia elétrica a 15,1 milhões de pessoas. Brasilia.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2004). SPSS and SAS procedures for estimating indirect effects in simple mediation models. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 36, 717-731.
PNAD, IBGE. (2015). Tabela 1959-Domicílios particulares permanentes e Moradores em domicílios particulares permanentes, por classes de rendimento mensal domiciliar, situação do domicílio e iluminação elétrica. www.ibge.gov.br. Accessed on December 1st, 2017.
Ramesh, N., Ramesh, S., Vennila, G., Bari, J. A., MageshKumar, P. (2016). Energy production through organic fraction of municipal solid waste—A multiple regression modeling approach. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, v. 134, 2, 350-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.08.027
Razali, N. M., Wah, Y. B. (2011). Power comparisons of Shapiro-Wilk, Kolmogorov- Smirnov, Lilliefors and Anderson-Darling tests. Journal of Statistical Modeling and Analytics, v. 2, 21 e 33.
Scalon, B. R.; Ruddel, B. L.; Reed, P. M.; Hook, R. I.; Zheng, C.; Tidwell, V. C.; Siebert, S. (2017) The food-energy-water nexus: Transforming science for society. Water Resources Research, 53, 3550 – 3556. https://doi.org/10.1002/2017WR020889
Senna, V., Souza, A. M. (2017). Assessment of the relationship of government spending on social assistance programs with Brazilian macroeconomic variables. Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, v. 462, pp. 21-30.
Silva, V. D. P. R., Oliveira, S. D., Hoekstra, A. Y., Neto, J. D., Campos, J. H. B. C., Braga, C. C., Araújo, L. E., Aleixo, D. O., Brito, J. I. B., Souza, M. D., Holanda, R. M. (2016). Water Footprint and Virtual Water Trade of Brazil. Water, 8(11), 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/w8110517
StatSoft, (2015). How to Analyze Data with Low Quality or Small Samples, Nonparametric Statistics at: https://www.statsoft.com/textbook/nonparametric-statistics. Accessed on June, 9th, 2018.
Taniguchi, M.; Masuhara, N.; Burnett, K. (2017). Water, energy, and food security in the Asia Pacific Region. Journal of Hydrology: Regional studies, 11, 9-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.11.005
The Guardian. (2015). Brazil's Worst Drought in History Prompts Protests and Blackouts. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jan/23/brazil-worst-drought-history. Accessed on December 2nd, 2017.
Vilanova, M. R. N., Balestieri, J. A. P. (2015). Exploring the water-energy nexus in Brazil: The electricity use for water supply. Energy, v. 85, 415-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.03.083
Villareal, M. J. C., Moreira, J. M. L. (2016). Household consumption of electricity in Brazil between 1985 and 2013. Energy Policy, v. 96, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.04.030
Weitz, N., Strambo, C., Kemp-Benedict, E., Nilsson, M. (2017). Closing the governance gaps in the water-energy-food nexus: Insights from integrative governance. Global Environmental Change, 45, 165-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2017.06.006
WORLD BANK. (2017). Acces to Electricity (% of the Population) at: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?locations=BR. Accessed on November, 10th 2017.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18067/jbfs.v6i2.244
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
J. Bioen. Food Sci., Macapá, AP, Brazil. eISSN 2359-2710
The journal is licensed with Creative Commons Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilhaIgual 4.0 Internacional
Address for correspondence
jbfs@ifap.edu.br | suporte.jbfs@ifap.edu.br